REESE   LIBRARY 

OF 

UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA 
'Heceived 

^Accessions  H 


Library  Classification 


BY 
W.   I.   FLETCHER,   A.M. 

>N 

LIBRARIAN   OF  AMHERST  COLLEGE 


Reprinted,  with  Alterations,  Additions,  and  an  Index 
from  his  "  Public  Libraries  in  America  " 


BOSTON 

ROBERTS    BROTHERS 
1894 


»G> 


Copyright,  189$, 
BY  ROBERTS  BROTHERS. 


JOHN  WILSON  AND  SON,  CAMBRIDGE,  U.S.A. 


INTRODUCTION 


are  already  in  the  field  many  rival  schemes 
J-  of  classification  for  libraries.  The  present 
publication  is  not  intended  to  add  one  to  the  number, 
but  rather  to  offer  a  way  of  escape  for  those  who 
shrink  from  the  intricacies  and  difficulties  of  the  elab- 
orate systems,  and  to  substitute  for  painstaking  ana- 
lytical classification  a  simple  arrangement  which  it  is 
believed  is  better  adapted  to  be  practically  useful  in 
a  library,  while  doing  away  with  most  of  the  work 
involved  in  carrying  out  one  of  these  schemes. 

There  is  a  certain  fascination  in  the  classifying  of 
books,  and  many  efforts  have  been  made  to  provide 
a  philosophical  basis  of  classification.  In  EDWARDS'S 
Memoirs  of  Libraries?  a  long  chapter  is  devoted  to 
this  subject,  treating  it  historically  as  well  as  practi- 
cally, and  a  comparative  exhibit  of  thirty-two  different 
schemes  of  classification  is  given.  Many  of  these  are 
ingenious,  and  have  been  found  to  work  fairly  well  in 
practice ;  but  the  demands  of  the  modern  library 
call  for  something  different,  and  much  more  elaborate 
schemes  have  been  worked  up  since  the  publication  of 

1  EDWARDS,  E.,  Memoirs  of  Libraries,  London,  1859,  2  vols. 
8vo.     The  reference  is  to  vol.  2,  pp.  759-831. 


4  Introduction 

EDWARDS'S  book.  It  is  generally  recognized  that  mod- 
ern libraries  need  a  more  minute  subdivision  into 
classes  than  was  common  formerly,  and  the  attempt 
has  been  made  to  meet  this  need  by  elaborate  logical 
analysis.  But  this  analytical  work,  while  befitting  a 
classified  catalogue  or  bibliography,  is  at  fault  in  the 
actual  arrangement  of  books,  for  the  reason  that  so 
many  books  are  of  a  composite  character  and  so  lie 
across  the  lines  of  subdivision.  It  often  happens  that 
with  one  of  these  elaborate  schemes  a  large  library 
will  have  many  classes  vacant,  and  in  many  others 
only  one  or  two  books,  while  the  reader  on  any  of 
these  topics  must  look  to  books  inclusive  of  them,  but 
not  confined  to  them,  for  most  of  his  information. 

Classification,  therefore,  cannot  avail  to  bring  to- 
gether into  one  place  the  material  on  a  given  minute 
topic,  and  yet,  in  libraries  where  much  is  made  of 
classification,  readers  are  constantly  led  to  use  it  as  a 
means  of  getting  at  the  literature  of  a  desired  subject. 
For  this  purpose  catalogues,  bibliographies,  and  in- 
dexes must  always  be  the  main  reliance.  But  if  this 
is  so,  the  main  reason  for  making  an  elaborate  classifi- 
cation is  taken  away,  and  it  can  readily  be  seen  that 
the  time  and  labor  so  lavishly  expended  on  it  in  some 
libraries  may  better  be  devoted  to  providing  more 
complete  catalogues  and  bibliographical  helps. 

The  object  to  be  sought  in  library  classification  is 
simply  to  bring  together,  so  far  as  can  be  done,  the 
books  on  each  particular  subject,  for  the  convenience 
of  the  attendants  and  of  readers  admitted  to  the 
shelves.  In  a  purely  circulating  library  the  principal 


Introduction  5 

use  of  classification  is  to  facilitate  the  finding  of  the 
books,  as  readers,  in  placing  numbers  on  their  cards, 
are  likely  to  select  several  of  one  kind,  and  in  looking 
for  them  the  attendant  is  saved  time  and  trouble  by 
having  the  library  fairly  well  classified.  So  far  as 
readers  are  admitted  to  the  shelves,  they  also  are 
greatly  helped  by  finding  the  books  on  any  subject 
together.  But,  as  has  already  been  intimated,  the 
attempt,  by  classification,  to  make  books  catalogue 
themselves,  —  /.  <?.,  to  have  the  shelves  show  what  the 
library  has  on  a  given  subject,  —  must  always  be  a  fail- 
ure, and,  if  dependence  is  placed  upon  it,  must  result 
in  seriously  narrowing  and  hampering  the  work  of  the 
reader  or  student,  who  should  be  referred  to  many 
sources  of  information  on  his  subject  which  cannot  be 
indicated  by  the  classification. 

Take,  for  example,  the  subjects  of  Taxation  or 
Pauperism.  It  is  well  to  have  any  two  or  three  books 
the  library  may  possess  on  either  of  these  subjects 
stand  together  on  a  given  shelf.  But  the  reader  is 
likely  to  find  three-fourths  of  the  most  useful  material 
on  either  of  these  subjects  in  general  works  on  Politi- 
cal Economy,  in  articles  in  periodicals,  and  in  various 
reports  and  encyclopaedic  works. 

As  public  libraries  are  coming  to  be  used  more  for 
study  in  connection  with  the  schools,  with  university 
extension,  etc.,  there  is  a  growing  tendency  to  thor- 
oughness in  cataloguing  and  bibliographical  work,  and 
an  increasing  number  of  indexes  which  render  avail- 
able the  material  in  composite  books.  With  the 
present  marked  progress  in  these  directions,  it  is  safe 


IBA 

,1*1 


6  Introduction 

to  predict  that  the  imperfect  and  unsatisfactory  char- 
acter of  the  provision  made  for  literary  research  by 
any  possible  classification  of  books  on  the  shelves, 
will  be  recognized,  and  classification  will  be  relegated 
to  its  proper  subordinate  place  as  a  practical  detail  of 
library  work  which  can  be  sufficiently  well  done  with 
very  little  expenditure  of  valuable  time.  The  writer 
has  heard  no  demand  oftener  than  that  for  a  simple 
classification  adapted  to  the  smallest  libraries  and 
satisfactory  until  they  have  grown  much  larger.  The 
following  may  be  offered  as  such  a  scheme  :  — 

A.  Fiction. 

J.  Juvenile  books. 

B.  English  and  American  literature. 

C.  History. 

D.  Biography. 

E.  Travels. 

F.  Science. 

G.  Useful  arts. 

H.  Fine  and  recreative  arts. 

I.  Political  and  social  science. 

K.  Philosophy  and  religion. 

L.  Works  on  language  and  in  foreign  languages. 

R.  Reference  books. 

The  books  in  each  class  separately  are  supposed  to 
be  numbered  consecutively  beginning  with  i. 

As  the  library  increases,  and  some  sections  seem  to 
require  subdivision,  it  can  easily  be  done  by  dividing 
the  numbers  in  a  class,  —  e .  g.,  assigning  to  ancient  his- 
tory numbers  i  to  100  in  class  C ;  to  modern  European 


Introduction  7 

history,  numbers  101  to  300  j  and  to  American  history, 
301  to  500,  or  by  making  more  minute  subdivisions, 
if  necessary.  By  means  of  much  less  painstaking  in 
this  arrangement  of  numbers  within  the  classes  than  is 
required  to  apply  a  more  elaborate  scheme  of  classifi- 
cation, a  library  can  be  satisfactorily  cared  for  until  it 
reaches  30,000  or  possibly  50,000  volumes.  If  for  any 
reason  the  library  is  to  be  specialized  in  one  subject, 
room  enough  for  that  subject  to  expand  indefinitely 
should  be  assigned,  not  only  on  the  shelves,  but  also 
in  the  catalogue  and  classification.  And  the  different 
classes  of  books  will  naturally  be  so  placed  in  the 
room  that  those  most  in  demand  will  be  most  conven- 
ient of  access,  and  others  in  proportion.  The  order 
of  classes  given  in  the  list  above  will  be  found  appli- 
cable to  the  ordinary  public  library,  beginning  with  A 
at  the  point  nearest  the  delivery  counter. 

The  list  of  classes  which  follows  is  offered  as  one 
likely  to  serve  the  purposes  of  an  ordinary  public 
library  of  not  over  100,000  volumes,  and  competent 
for  even  a  much  larger  one  if  expanded  by  subdivision 
as  found  necessary. 

As  intimated  above,  a  small  library  may  be  num- 
bered satisfactorily,  with  room  for  expansion,  by  simply 
numbering  the  books  in  each  class  consecutively,  the 
classes  being  designated  by  capital  letters  prefixed  to 
the  numbers. 

In  a  larger  library,  with  more  subdivisions,  the 
classes  will  be  numbered,  and  the  class  number  pre- 
fixed to  the  book  number,  a  period  being  placed 
between  the  two.  In  some  classes,  as  in  fiction  and 


8  Introduction 

in  literature,  the  books  should  be  arranged  alpha- 
betically by  authors  :  in  biography  they  are  better 
arranged  alphabetically  by  the  subject,  so  that  all 
lives  of  the  same  person  will  be  together.  Where 
there  is  an  attempt  to  keep  the  books  in  these  classes 
in  strict  alphabetic  order,  making  all  additions  fall 
into  it,  the  inserted  books  may  receive  a  number  with 
a  letter  added,  169  a  following  169,  169^  following 
that,  and  169  aa  going  between  169  a  and  169  b. 
There  are  devices  for  designating  books  by  marks 
other  than  numbers  to  secure  this  alphabetical  arrange- 
ment, of  which  the  Cutter  author-table  is  best  known 
and  most  used.  But  it  is  doubtful  whether  it  is  worth 
while,  at  any  rate  in  more  than  a  few  classes,  to  at- 
tempt the  alphabetical  arrangement. 

As  with  the  simpler  form  of  classification,  further 
subdivisions  may  be  effected  in  any  class  by  dividing 
up  the  book  numbers,  and  assigning  a  block  of  num- 
bers to  each  subdivision,  as  described  before.  When 
the  assigned  numbers  have  been  exhausted,  they  can 
be  repeated  with  a  letter  added,  there  being  thus 
a  possibility  of  almost  indefinite  expansion.  At  the 
same  time,  in  a  library  arranged  on  this  principle, 
most  of  the  books  will  have  simple  numbers,  and  the 
whole  system  of  numbering  will  be  much  more  satis- 
factory to  the  average  reader  than  the  complicated 
"notation"  found  with  each  of  the  more  elaborate 
schemes  of  classification. 


LIST   OF   CLASSES 


IT  will  be  observed  that  these  classes  are  given,  not 
in  a  logical  or  philosophical  order,  but  rather  in  a 
natural  sequence  under  a  few  general  headings. 
These  are  so  arranged  as  to  be  most  likely  to  fit  the 
needs  of  an  average  public  library :  first  fiction,  then 
juveniles,  being  nearest  the  delivery  desk ;  then  litera- 
ture and  other  classes  in  about  the  order  of  their 
precedence  in  the  demands  of  the  public. 

Any  one  using  this  scheme  should  feel  free  to  change 
the  numbers  or  the  order  of  the  classes  as  may  seem 
best  to  fit  the  needs  of  a  particular  case.  The  scheme 
is  offered  rather  as  a  general  guide  than  as  something 
to  be  followed  with  absolute  adherence  to  detail. 

A  few  numbers  have  been  omitted  at  the  end  of 
each  general  division,  to  provide  for  the  insertion  of  ad- 
ditional classes  ;  these  may,  however,  be  inserted  at  any 
point  by  giving  them  the  number  of  the  preceding  class 
with  a  letter  added. 

Fiction. 

(English  and  American  in  one  class,  ar- 
ranged alphabetically  by  authors  (anonymous 
works  alphabetically  by  titles) .  Translations 
of  foreign  fiction  also  included. 


IO  List  of  Classes 


Juvenile  Books. 

Use  J  in   f      Including   not    simply    stories,    but   all 
place  of  J  books  calculated  for  young  readers.      Ar- 
number    1  ran§ed  alphabetically  by  authors,  etc.  as 
I  above. 


English  and  American  Literature; 
Universal  Literature. 

Class  No 

1 .  Periodicals. 

2.  Miscellany  and  humor. 

3.  English  authors  (arranged  alphabetically,  with 

biographies  and  critical  works  on  each 
author  following  his  works). 

4.  American  authors  (arranged  alphabetically,  with 

biographies  and  critical  works  on  each 
author  following  his  works). 

5 .  English  literature ;  histories,  etc. 

6.  "  "          collections. 

7.  American     "          histories. 

8.  "  "          collections. 

9.  Drama  (Eng.  and  Amer.)  ;  histories  and  col- 

lections. 

10.  Poetry  (Eng.  and  Amer.)  ;  histories  and  col- 

lections. 

11.  Fiction  (Eng.  and  Amer.)  ;  histories  and  criti- 

cism. 

12.  Universal  literature ;  history,  etc. 

13.  Criticism;    science    and    art   of    poetry ;   the 

drama,  fiction,  etc.,  (except  works  refer- 
ring to  the  literature  of  a  particular  lan- 
guage.) 


List  of  Classes  1 1 


History. 

Class  No. 

15.  Philosophy  and  study  of  history. 

1 6.  History  of  civilization. 

17.  Historical  essays  and  miscellanies. 
1 8..  Chronology. 

19.  Ancient  history ;  general. 

20.  Oriental. 

21.  Egypt. 

22.  The  Jews. 

23.  Greece. 

24.  Rome. 

25.  Middle  Ages.    The  Crusades. 

26.  Europe,  modern. 

27.  England  and  Great  Britain ;  general. 

28.  England ;  before  Norman  conquest. 

29.  1070  to  1600. 

30.  1 7th  century. 

31.  1 8th  and  i9th  centuries. 

32.  Scotland  and  Wales. 

33.  Ireland. 

34.  France ;  general. 

35.  Before  the  Revolution. 

36.  Revolution  and  to  1815. 

37.  Since  1815. 

38.  Germany.     The  Netherlands.     Belgium. 

39.  Austria  and  Hungary.    Switzerland.    The  Dan- 

ubian  and  Balkan  States. 

40.  Italy. 

41.  Spain  and  Portugal. 

42.  Greece  and  Turkey. 

43.  Russia.     Poland. 


12  List  of  Classes 

History  (Continued}. 

Class  No. 

44.  Scandinavia. 

45.  America  in  general. 

46.  Discovery  and  early  voyages. 

47.  Indians. 

48.  North  America ;  general. 

49.  United  States  " 

50.  Colonial  period. 

51.  Revolution.     Also  1789-1812. 

52.  War  of  1812  and  to  1860. 

53.  Civil  war. 

54.  Later  history. 

55.  New  England. 
5  6.  Maine. 


57.  New  Hampshire. 

58.  Vermont 

59.  Massachusetts. 

60.  Connecticut. 


This  arrangement  is  sug- 
gested for  a  library  in  New 
>  England.     Elsewhere  other 
States  would  be  given  speci- 
fically. 


61.  Rhode  Island. 

62.  Middle  States. 

63.  Southern  States. 

64.  Western  States. 

65.  Pacific  slope.     Alaska. 

66.  Canada.     British  America. 

67.  Mexico.     Central  America.     West  Indies. 

68.  South  America. 

69.  Asia;  general. 

70.  Persia,  Arabia,  etc. 

71.  India. 

72.  China  and  Japan. 

73.  Africa;  general. 

74.  Egypt,  modern. 

75.  Australia  and  other  islands. 


List  of  Classes  13 

Biography. 

Class  No. 

81.  Collective  works. 

82.  Individual  biographies  (arranged  alphabetically 

by  names  of  persons  written  about,  rather 
than  by  authors) . 

Voyages  and  Travels.     Geography. 

85.  Descriptive  geography.     Atlases.     Maps. 

86.  Art  of  travel,  etc. 

87.  Voyages;  collections. 

88.  Travels  around  the  world,  etc. 

89.  North  America. 

90.  United  States. 

91.  New  England. 

92.  Middle  States. 

93.  Southern  States. 

94.  Western  States. 

95.  Pacific  slope.     Alaska. 

96.  Canada.     British  America. 

97.  Mexico.     Central  America.     W.  Indies. 

98.  South  America. 

99.  Europe;  general. 

100.  Great  Britain. 

101.  France.     Spain  and  Portugal. 

102.  Germany.     Austria.     Netherlands. 

103.  Italy.     Switzerland. 

104.  Greece  and  Turkey. 

105.  Russia.     Poland. 

1 06.  Scandinavia.     Iceland. 

107.  Asia;  general. 

1 08.  Syria  and  Palestine.     Asia  Minor. 

109.  Persia,  Arabia,  etc. 


14  List  of  Classes 

Travels  (Continued}. 

Class  No. 

1 10.  India. 

in.  China.     Corea.     Japan. 

112.  Central  Asia.     Siberia. 

113.  Africa. 

114.  Northern  Africa  and  the  Desert. 

115.  Egypt.     The  Soudan.     The  Nile. 

1 1 6.  Abyssinia.     Madagascar. 

117.  Central  and  Southern  Africa. 

1 1 8.  Australia  and  Polynesia. 

119.  Polar  regions. 

120.  Islands. 

Sciences. 

125.  History  and  philosophy  of  the  sciences. 

126.  Scientific  societies  and  academies.    Periodicals. 

127.  Essays  and  miscellanies. 

128.  Evolution  and  cosmology. 

129.  Natural  history  (works  combining  zoology,  bot- 

any, etc.). 

130.  Biology  and  embryology. 

131.  Comparative  anatomy  and  physiology. 

132.  Zoology. 

133.  Lowest  forms  of  animal  life. 

134.  Mollusca.     Insects. 

135.  Fishes. 

136.  Reptiles. 

137.  Birds. 

138.  Mammalia. 

139.  Man.     Anthropology,  ethnology,  etc. 

140.  Botany;  general. 

141.  Cryptogamia. 

142.  Of  countries  and  localities. 


List  of  Classes 
Sciences  (Continued'). 

Class  No. 

143.  Geology :  general  works. 

144.  Of  countries  and  localities. 

145.  Mineralogy  and  crystallography. 

146.  Chemistry;  general. 

147.  Inorganic. 

148.  Organic. 

149.  Analysis.     Text-books. 

150.  Physics. 

151.  Heat. 

152.  Light.     Optics. 

153.  Electricity. 

154.  Telegraph  and  telephone.     Phonograph. 

155.  Electric  lighting. 

156.  Electro-dynamics. 

157.  Sound. 

158.  Hydraulics. 

159.  Mechanics. 

1 60.  Physical  geography. 

161.  Meteorology. 

162.  Astronomy;  general. 

163.  Descriptive. 

164.  Practical. 

165.  Almanacs  (not  statistical). 

1 66.  Mathematical  sciences  :  general. 

167.  Arithmetic.     Book-keeping. 
1 6  8.  Algebra. 

169.  Geometry. 

1 70.  Higher  mathematics. 

171.  Geodesy  and  surveying. 

172.  Navigation. 


1 6  List  of  Classes 

Useful  Arts. 

Class  No. 

1 79.  Useful  arts  :  general. 

1 80.  Patents.     Exhibitions. 

1 8 1.  Mechanics.     Philosophy  of  machinery. 

182.  Properties  of  materials. 

183.  Mechanical  drawing. 

1 84.  Hydro-mechanics.     Aeronautics. 

185.  Steam  and  the  steam  engine. 

1 86.  Marine  engineering.     Steam  navigation. 

187.  The  locomotive.     Railroads.     Street  railroads. 

1 88.  Electrical  engineering. 

189.  Civil  engineering. 

190.  Military  art  and  science. 

191.  Drainage  and  sewerage. 

192.  Water  supply. 

193.  Burial  of  the  dead.     Cremation. 

194.  Bridge  building. 

195.  Precious  metals. 

196.  Iron  and  steel ;  other  metals. 

197.  Mining.     Smelting. 

198.  Coal.     Oil.     Fuels. 

199.  Manufactures  from  metals. 

200.  Wood. 

201.  Textile.     Production  of  cotton,  wool,  etc. 

202.  Dyeing,  etc. 

203.  Chemical  technology. 

204.  Silk  culture  and  manufacture. 

205.  Carpentry  and  woodwork.     Building. 

206.  Masonry  and  brickwork. 

207.  Plumbing  and  house  sanitation. 

208.  Warming  and  ventilation. 

209.  Constructive   arts   and   trades,   not   otherwise 

specified. 


List  of  Classes  17 

Useful  Arts  (Continued). 
Class  No. 

210.  Shipbuilding.     Naval  science. 

211.  Clocks,  watches,  etc.     Scientific  instruments. 

212.  Weights,  measures,  and  coinage. 

213.  Writing.      Phonography.     Type-writing,    etc, 

Business  forms. 

214.  Printing.     Bookbinding. 

215.  Mechanic  arts  not  already  specified. 

216.  Domestic  economy. 

217.  Cookery  and  foods. 

218.  Hygiene.     Public  health. 

219.  Physical  culture.     Athletics, 

220.  Outdoor  sports :  general. 

221.  Hunting  and  fishing. 

222.  Boating. 

223.  Cycling. 

224.  Horse-racing.    The  horse.    Veterinary  science. 

225.  The  dog.     Falconry,  etc. 

226.  Poultry.     Pigeons.     Pet  animals. 

227.  Human  anatomy  and  physiology. 

228.  Medicine;  general. 

229.  Practical. 

230.  Nursing. 

231.  Agriculture;  general. 

232.  Domestic  animals.     The  dairy. 

233.  Care  of  lands.     Agricultural  drainage. 

234.  Forestry  and  hydrology. 

235.  Landscape  gardening.     Parks.     Cemeteries. 

236.  Crops  and  their  treatment. 

237.  Horticulture. 

238.  Floriculture. 

239.  Special  products;  honey,  sugar,  tobacco,  etc. 

240.  Fisheries ;  sea  products. 

2 


1 8  List  of  Classes 
Fine  Arts,  etc. 

Class  No. 

245.  History,  philosophy,  and  study  of  the  fine  arts. 

246.  ^Esthetics. 

247.  Archaeology. 

248.  Painting ;  history  and  general  works. 

249.  Italian  school. 

250.  Other  continental  schools. 

251.  British  and  American. 

252.  Practical  works. 

253.  Galleries  and  collections. 

254.  Sculpture;  general  and  modern. 

255.  Ancient. 

256.  Monumental  art.     Inscriptions. 

257.  Numismatics. 

258.  Bronzes.     Bric-a-brac. 

259.  Pottery  and  porcelain. 

260.  Architecture;  general. 

261.  Ancient. 

262.  Mediaeval  and  modern. 

263.  Practical  works. 

264.  Decoration  and  ornament. 

265.  Drawing  and  design. 

266.  Art  needlework,  etc.     Costume. 

267.  Illumination,  alphabets,  etc. 

268.  Engraving.  » 

269.  Collections  of  engravings,  photographs,  etc. 

270.  Photography. 

271.  Music;  history  and  general  works. 

272.  Instruments. 

273.  Singing.     The  voice. 

274.  Elocution  and  oratory. 

275.  Selections  for  recitation,  etc. 


List  of  Classes  19 

Fine  Arts,  etc.  (Continued}. 

Class  No. 

276.  Indoor  amusements. 

277.  Games. 

Political  and  Social. 

279.  Political  science ;  general.     Government. 

280.  Collected  works  of  statesmen. 

281.  Freedom  and  democracy. 

282.  Suffrage  and  representation. 

283.  Administration.     Civil  service. 

284.  Municipal  government. 

285.  Taxation.     Public  funds  and  debts. 

286.  Protection  and  free  trade. 

287.  English  constitution  and  government. 

288.  Other    governments,  outside    of   the    United 

States. 

289.  United  States  government. 

290.  Slavery  and  secession.    The  negroes. 

291.  Indians  and  the  United  States. 

292.  Immigration.     Foreign  element. 

293.  Temperance  in  politics. 

294.  Public  lands. 

295.  United  States  finances. 

296.  Foreign  relations. 

297.  Party  politics.     Presidential  elections. 

298.  Congress. 

299.  Public  documents ;  United  States  and  States. 

300.  Law ;    general. 

301.  International  law. 

302.  Common  law;  text-books.     Law  reports. 

303.  Criminal  law  and  trials. 

304.  Law  of  patents  and  copyright. 

305.  Statutes. 


2O  List  of  Classes 

Political  and  Social  (Continued). 
Class  No. 

306.  Political  economy. 

307.  Land  and  its  tenure. 

308.  Labor  and  wages.     Prices.     Cooperation. 

309.  Trade  unions. 

310.  Capital  and  investments.     Interest. 

311.  Finance  and  banking.     Money. 

312.  Corporations.     Monopolies. 

313.  Socialism.     Communism. 

314.  Population. 

315.  Marriage  and  divorce.     The  family. 

316.  Woman  question. 

317.  Pauperism. 

318.  Public  charities  and  corrections. 

319.  Prison  s.     Reformatories. 

320.  Crime. 

321.  Children,  destitute  and  criminal. 

322.  Asylums. 

323.  Deaf  and  dumb,  blind,  idiots,  etc. 

324.  Insanity  and  insane  asylums. 

325.  Relief  associations.     Building  societies. 

326.  Freemasons. 

327.  Other  secret  societies. 

328.  Clubs,  etc. 

329.  Insurance. 

330.  Education ;  history,  philosophy,  etc. 

331.  Organization  and  superintendence. 

332.  Teaching  and  accessory  work. 

333.  School  discipline,  buildings,  and  hygiene. 

334.  Kindergarten;  child -culture. 

335.  Education  of  women. 

336.  Classical  studies  ;  collegiate  education. 

337.  Technical  and  industrial  training. 


List  of  Classes  21 

Political  and  Social  (Continued'). 

Class  No. 

338.  Professional  training. 

339.  Educational  institutions. 

340.  Chautauqua.    Home  culture.    Summer  schools. 

University  extension. 

341.  Education  in  relation  to  religion  and  morals. 

342.  Statistics ;  methods,  etc.     Census  reports. 

343.  Almanacs  and  annuals. 

344.  Other  statistical  works. 

345.  Commerce,  general. 

346.  Of  the  United  States. 

347.  Of  other  countries. 

348.  Internal  commerce.     Railroad  transportation. 

Local  transit. 

349.  Water  transportation,  canals,  etc. 

350.  Post-office  ;  telegraph  and  telephone. 

Philosophy  and  Religion. 

352.  Philosophy;  history,  etc. 

353.  General  works.     Systems,  etc. 

354.  Miscellanies. 

355.  Metaphysics. 

356.  Logic. 

357.  Psychology. 

358.  The  will. 

359.  Memory. 

360.  Sleep,  dreams,  somnambulism. 

361.  Mesmerism.     Psychical  research. 

362.  Spiritualism,  magic,  witchcraft,  etc. 

363.  Phrenology  and  physiognomy. 

364.  Moral  philosophy. 

365.  Practical  morals ;  general. 


22  List  of  Classes 

Philosophy  and  Religion  (Continued'), 

Class  No. 

366.  Temperance,  tobacco,  etc. 

367.  Amusements,  Ethics  of. 

368.  Manners  and  customs. 

369.  Minor  morals,  etiquette. 

370.  Religion  and  theology ;  history  and  philosophy. 

371.  Natural  theology.    Science  and  religion.    Evi- 

dences. 

372.  Miracles.     Prayer. 

373.  Mythology;  general. 

374.  Scandinavian  and  northern. 

375.  The  Bible,  whole  or  parts. 

376.  Inspiration,  interpretation,  authority,  etc. 

377.  Concordances,  dictionaries,  illustrative  works. 

378.  Commentaries;  whole  Bible. 

379.  Old  Testament  and  parts  thereof. 

380.  New         "  "  « 

381.  Judaism. 

382.  Christian  theology,  general  and  historical. 

383.  Jesus  Christ,  the  atonement,  etc. 

384.  Death  and  the  future  state. 

385.  Other  doctrines. 

386.  Sermons  and  didactic  works. 

387.  Devotional  books.     Sunday-school  books. 

388.  The  church;  general. 

389.  Ecclesiastical  history. 

390.  Greek  church. 

391.  Roman  Catholic  church. 

392.  The  Reformation. 

393.  Protestantism. 

394.  Toleration  and  persecution ;  religious  liberty. 

395.  Church  of  England  and  Episcopal  church. 

396.  Methodist  Episcopal  denomination. 


List  of  Classes  23 

Philosophy  and  Religion  (Continued). 

Class  No. 

397.  Baptist  denomination. 

398.  Presbyterian  denomination. 

399.  Congregational  denomination. 

400.  Unitarian  and  Universalist  denominations. 

401.  Other  Christian  denominations. 

402.  The  Sabbath. 

403.  Public  worship.     Private  and  family  worship. 

404.  Sacraments. 

405 .  Preaching. 

406.  Hymnology  and  church  music. 

407.  The  Sunday  school;  church  accessories. 

408.  Missions  ;  general  and  foreign. 

409.  Home. 

410.  City. 

411.  Y.  M.  C.  A.  and  similar  organizations, 

412.  Mohammedanism. 

413.  Buddhism  and  other  Oriental  religions. 

414.  Heathenism. 

415.  Mormons,  Shakers,  etc. 

416.  Free  thought.     Rationalism.     Positivism. 


Language  and  Literature. 

(English  and  American  Literatures  and  Universal  Literature  excepted.) 

421.  Science  of  language. 

422.  Comparative  philology. 

423.  Indo-European  languages. 

424.  Other  families  of  speech  (not  elsewhere  speci- 

fied). 

425.  Folk-lore  and  popular  antiquities. 

426.  Proverbs. 


24  List  of  Classes 

Language  and  Literature  (Continued). 

Class  No. 

427.  Myths  and  romances. 

428.  Classical  languages  and  literature ;  general. 

429.  Greek  language,  text-books,  etc. 

430.  Greek  authors. 

431.  Latin  language,  text-books,  etc. 

432.  Latin  authors. 

433.  English  language,  general. 

434.  Gothic,  Anglo-Saxon,  and  early  English ;  text- 

books, also  literature. 

435.  English  grammar,  usage  and  spelling. 

436.  English  composition.     Rhetoric  (English  and 

other) . 

437.  English  dictionaries,  synonymy,  etc. 

438.  English  dialects.     Americanisms. 

439.  French  language ;  text-books,  etc. 

440.  French  literature  ;  histories,  collections,  etc. 

441.  French  authors. 

442.  German  language;  text-books,  etc. 

443.  German  literature ;  histories,  etc. 

444.  German  authors. 

445.  Italian  language  and  literature. 

446.  Italian  authors. 

447.  Spanish  and  Portuguese  languages  and  litera- 

tures. 

448.  Spanish  and  Portuguese  authors. 

449.  Scandinavian  languages  and  literatures. 

450.  Scandinavian  authors. 

451.  Other  European  languages  and  literatures. 

452.  Sanskrit  and  other  Indian  languages  and  litera- 

tures. 

453.  Semitic  languages  and  literatures. 

454.  Chinese  and  Japanese  languages  and  literatures. 


List  of  Classes  2$, 

Language  and  Literature  (Continued'). 

Class  No. 

455.  African  languages  and  literatures. 

456.  American  Indian  languages  and  literatures.. 

Reference-books  and  Special  Classes. 

(In  librarian's  room  and  delivery  room.) 

461.  Library  economy. 

462.  Bibliography. 

463.  Manuscripts  and  rarities. 

464.  Catalogues  of  libraries. 

465.  National  and  trade  bibliography. 

(In  reading-room  or  reference-room.) 

466.  Cyclopaedias ;  ordinary  reference  books. 

467.  Newspaper  files. 

468.  Pamphlets. 

NOTE.  —  Classes  numbered  461  to  468  will  naturally  be  dif- 
ferently treated  according  to  circumstances.  The  arrangement 
and  numbering  here  given  are  merely  suggestions. 


INDEX   TO   CLASSES 


Administration 

Aeronautics 

^Esthetics 

Africa,  History 

Languages  and  literature 

Travels 

Agriculture 

Alaska,  History 

Travels 

Algebra  

Almanacs 

Statistical 

Alphabets,  Ornamental  .  . 
America,  Discovery  etc.  .  . 

History 

Travels 

American  authors  .  .  .  . 
American  literature  .  .  .  . 
Americanisms 


.  283 

.  184 

.  246 

73 

.  455 
113-17 
231-39 

•  65 

•  95 
.  1 68 
.  165 

•  343 
.  267 
.   46 

45-68 
89-98 

'.  7,8 
438 


Amusements 276-277 

Ethics  of 367 

See  also  Sports      ....    219-25 

Anatomy,  Comparative      ....     131 

Human 227 

Ancient  history 19 

Anglo-Saxon  language  and  litera- 
ture          434 

Anglo-Saxons 28 

Anthropology 

Antiquities 

Popular 

Arabia,  History 

Travels 

Archaeology 

Prehistoric *39 

Architecture 260-64 

Arctic  regions * 

Arithmetic l67 

Asia,  History,  ancient  ....      19-22 

, ,  modern 69-72 

Travels 107-12 

Astronomy 162-64 

Asylums 32 

Athletics 21 

Atonement,  The 3$ 

Australia,  History 7 

Travels « 


i39 
247 
425 
70 
109 
247 


Austria,  History 39 

•Travels 1O2 


Balkan  States,  History      ....      39 

Travels 104 

Ballot,  The 282 

Banking 3" 

Baptists 397 

Belgium,  History 3° 

Travels 102 

Bible,  The 375.  37& 

Concordances,  etc 377 

-  Commentaries 378~8c> 

3ible  in  schools 34 I 

Bibliography 462-65 

Bicycling 223 

Biography 81, 82 

Biology 13° 

Birds 137 

Blind,  The  .........    323 

Boating 222 

Books,  Rare 4^3 

Bookbinding 214 

Book-keeping 167 

Botany 140-42 

Brick-masonry 206 

Bridges *94 

British  America,  History  ....      66 

Travels 96 

Bronzes 258 

Buddhism 4*3 

Building 205 

Building  societies 325 

Bulgaria,  History 39 

Travels 104 

Business  forms 213 


Calculus I7° 

Canada,  History 66 

Travels 96 

Canals 349 

Capital 3io 

Carpentry 205 

Catalogues,  Library 464 


28 


Index  to  Classes 


Cattle 232 

Cemeteries 235 

Census  reports 342 

Central  America,  History      ...  67 

Travels 97 

Ceramic  art 259 

Charities 318 

Chautauqua  system 340 

Chemistry 146-49 

Applied 203 

Child-culture 334 

Children,  Destitute  and  criminal    .  321 

China,  History 72 

Travels in 

Chinese  in  the  U.  S 292 

Chinese  language  and  literature      .  454 

Chronology 18 

Church,  The 388 

Church  of  England 395 

Church  music 406 

Cities,  Government  of 284 

City  missions 410 

Civil  service 283 

Civilization 16 

Classical  education 336 

Classical  languages  and  literature  428-32 

Clocks  and  watches 211 

Clubs 328 

Coal 198 

Coinage 212 

See  also  Numismatics    .     .     .  257 

Colleges 339 

Collegiate  education 336 

Communism 313 

Commentaries,  Biblical     .     .     .    378-80 

Commerce 345-48 

Comparative    anatomy  and    physi- 
ology    131 

Confucianism 413 

Conchology 134 

Congregationalists 399 

Congress,  U.  S 298 

Cookery 217 

Cooperation 308 

Copyright 304 

Corea in 

Corporations 312 

Cosmology 128 

Costume 266 

Cotton '.     .  201 

Crime 320 

Criminal  law 303 

Crusades,  The 25 

Cryptogamic  botany      .     .     .     .     .  141 

Crystallography 145 

Customs 368 

Cycling 223 


Dairy 232 

Danish  language  and  literature  .  449,  450 
Danubian  States,  History      ...      39 


Danubian  States,  Travels  ....  104 

Deaf  and  dumb 323 

Death 384 

Debts,  Public 285 

Decimal  systems  ....*..  212 

Defective  classes 323 

Democracy 281 

Denmark,  History 44 

Travels 106 

Designing 265 

Devotional  books 387 

Divorce 315 

Dog,  The 225 

Domestic  animals 232 

Domestic  economy 216 

Drainage 191 

Agricultural 233 

House 207 

Drama,  American 9 

authors 4 

English 9 

authors 3 

French,    German,    etc.      See 

those  literatures. 

General 13 

Drawing 265 

Mechanical 183 

Dreams .  360 

Dyeing 202 


East,  The ;  History 20 

Travels "7-9 

Ecclesiastical  history 389 

Education 330-41 

Moral 341 

Religion  in  . 341 

Egypt,  History,  ancient    ....  21 

modern 74 

Travels 115 

Electric  light 155 

Electrical  engineering 188 

Electricity 153 

Electro-dynamics 156 

Elocution 274 

Embryology 130 

Encyclopaedias 466 

Engineering,  Civil 189 

Electrical 188 

Marine 186 

Mechanical 181 

Sanitary 191,  192 

England,  Church  of 395 

Government 288 

History 27-31 

Travels 100 

English  authors 3 

English  language 433 

Composition  and  rhetoric   .    .  436 

Dialects 438 

Dictionaries 437 


Index  to  Classes 


29 


English  language,  Grammar,  etc.    .     435 
English  literature      .•••«•&* 

Engraving 268 

Collections 269 

Entomology 134 

Episcopal  church 395 

Ethics 364.  365 

Ethnology 139 

Etiquette 369 

Europe,  History 26-44 

Travels 99-106 

Evidences  of  Christianity .     .     .     .    371 

Evolution 128 

Exhibitions 180 


Falconry 225 

Family 315 

Fertilizers 233 

Fiction,  American  and  English.  No 

class  number. 

Histories,  etc.      .     .  n 

French,    German,    etc.      See 

those  literatures. 

General 13 

Finance 311 

Public 285 

Finances,  U.  S 295 

Fine  arts ;  History,  etc.     .    .     .   245-47 

Fisheries .  240 

Fishes 135 

Floriculture     . 238 

Folk-lore 425 

Foods 217 

Foreign  relations,  U.  S 296 

Forestry 234 

France,  History 34~37 

Travels 101 

Freedom 281 

Freemasons 326 

Free  thought 416 

Free  trade 286 

French  language 439 

French  literature      ....      440,  441 

Fuels 198 

Future  state    . 384 


G 

Games 277 

Outdoor 219 

Geodesy 171 

Geology M3~44 

Geometry 169 

German  language 442 

German  literature     ....       443,  444 
Germany,  History    ......      38 

Travels 102 

Gothic  language  and  literature  .     .    434 

Government 279,  287-89 

Great  Britain,  History 27 


Great  Britain,  Travels 100 

Greece,  Archaeology 247 

History,  ancient 23 

modern 42 

Travels    .     .    •. 104 

Greek  church 390 

Greek  language  and  literature      429,  430 


Health,  Public 218 

Heat 151 

Heathenism 414 

Heating  of  buildings 208 

Hebrew  language 453 

History,  Ancient ......      19-24 

Essays  and  miscellanies      .     .  17 

Mediaeval 25 

Modern 26-75 

Philosophy  and  study     ...  15 

Holland,  History 38 

Travels 102 

Home  missions    .......  409 

Horology     .          211 

Horse,  The 224 

Horticulture »    .  237 

Household  economy 216 

Humor »     .  2 

Hungary.    See  Austria. 

Hunting 221 

Hydraulics 158 

Hydrology 234 

Hydro-mechanics 184 

Hygiene 218 

Hymnology 406 


Iceland 106 

Idiocy 323 

Illumination 267 

Immigration 292 

India,  History 71 

Language  and  literature      .     .  452 

Travels no 

Indians,  American 47 

and  the  U.  S 291 

Languages,  etc.  of     ....  456 

Indo-European  languages  ....  423 

Industrial  education 337 

Insanity 324 

Inscriptions 256 

Ancient 247 

Insects 134 

Instruments,  Scientific 211 

Insurance 329 

Interest 310 

International  law 301 

Ireland,  History 33 

Travels ,  100 

Iron .    .  196 

Italian  language   ...,,..  445 


Index  to  Classes 


Italian  literature 445,  446 

Italy,  History 40 

Travels 103 


Japan,  History 72 

Travels in 

Japanese  language  and  literature    .  454 

Jesus  Christ 383 

Jews 22 

Judaism 381 


Kindergarten 334 

Kinematics 181 


Labor 308 

Land 307 

Lands,  Public,  in  U.  S 294 

Landscape  gardening 235 

Language,  Science  of 421 

Latin  language  and  literature       431,  432 

Law 300-305 

Education  for 338 

Liberty 281 

Religious 394 

Library  economy 461 

Light 152 

Liquor  traffic 293 

Locomotive 187 

Logic 356 


Machinery 181 

Magic 362 

Mammalia 138 

Man 139 

Manners  and  customs 368 

Manual  training 337 

Manufactures 199-201 

Manuscripts 463 

Marine  engineering 186 

Marriage 315 

Masonry 206 

Materials 182 

Mathematics 166-172 

Mechanical  drawing 183 

Mechanics 159 

Applied 181 

Medical  education 338 

Medicine 228,  229 

Memory 359 

Mesmerism 361 

Metals 196 

Metaphysics 355 


Meteorology 161 

Methodist  Episcopal  church .     .     .  396 

Metric  system 212 

Mexico,  History 67 

Travels 97 

Middle  Ages 25 

Middle  States,  History      ....  62 

Travels 92 

Military  science 190 

Mineralogy 145 

Mining 197 

Ministry,  Education  for    ....  338 

Miracles 372 

Miscellany 2 

Missions 408-10 

Mohammedanism 412 

Mollusca 134 

Money 311 

Monopolies 312 

Monuments 256 

Morals 364-69 

Mormons 415 

Municipal  government 284 

Music 271-73 

Mythology 373 

Northern 374 

Myths 427 


Natural  history 129 

Natural  religion 371 

Naval  science 210 

Navigation 171 

Needlework,  Art 266 

Negroes 290 

Netherlands,  History 38 

Travels 102 

New  England,  History      .    .     .      55-61 

Travels 91 

Newspapers 467 

North  America,  History    ....  48 

Travels 89 

Norway,  History. 44 

Language  and  literature     .  449,  450 

Travels 106 

Numismatics 257 

Nursing 230 


Oil 198 

Optics 152 

Oratory 274 


Pacific  States,  History 65 

Travels 105 

Painting 248-53 


Index  to  Classes 


Painting,  House 209 

Pamphlets 468 

Parks 235 

Patents,  Law  of 304 

Reports 180 

Pauperism 3*7 

Periodicals i 

Persecution 394 

Persia,  History,  ancient    ....  20 

modern 70 

Travels 109 

Pets,  Care  of 226 

Philology,  Comparative    ....  422 

Philosophy 352~54 

Phonograph 154 

Phonography .  213 

Photography 270 

Phrenology 363 

Physical  culture 219 

Physical  geography 160 

Physics 150-59 

Physiognomy 363 

Physiology,  Comparative  ....  131 

•  Human 227 

Plumbing 207 

Poetry,  American 10 

authors 4 

English 10 

authors 3 

French,    German,    etc.     See 

those  literatures. 

General 13 

Poland,  History 43 

Travels 105 

Polar  regions 119 

Political  economy 306 

Political  science 279 

Politics,  U.  S 297 

Polynesia 118 

Popular  antiquities 425 

Population 314 

Portugal,  History 41 

Travels 101 

Portuguese  language 447 

Portuguese  literature    .     .    .      447, 448 

Positivism 416 

Post-office 350 

Pottery  and  porcelain 259 

Poultry 226 

Prayer 372 

Preaching 405 

Precious  metals 195 

Presbyterians  .  • 
Prices  .... 
Printing  .... 
Prison  discipline  . 
Prohibition .  .  . 
Protection  .  .  . 
Protestantism  . 
Proverbs  .  .  . 
Psychical  research 
Psychology 


....  398 

....  308 

....  214 

....  319 

....  293 

....  286 

•     •     •     •  393 

....  426 

....  361 

Public  documents 299 


Quakers 401 


Railroads 187 

Rationalism 416 

Recitations 275 

Reformation,  The 392 

Reformatories 319 

Relief  associations 325 

Religion,   History  and  philosophy 

of 370 

Religious  liberty 394 

Representation 282 

Reptiles 136 

Rhetoric 436 

Ritual 403 

Roman  Catholic  church    ....  391 

Rome,  Archaeology 247 

History,  ancient 24 

Romances 425 

Roumania,  History 39 

Travels 104 

Russia,  History 43 

Travels 105 


S 


Sabbath,  The 402 

Sacraments 404 

Sanitary  science    .     .     191,192,207,208 

Sanitation,  House    ......  207 

Sanskrit  language  and  literature      .  452 

Scandinavia,  History 44 

Travels 106 

Scandinavian  languages    ....  449 

Scandinavian  literature      .     .     .  449,  450 

Schools 339 

School  buildings 333 

School  discipline 331 

School  supervision 333 

Science  and  religion 371 

Sciences,  History  of 125 

Scientific  essays 127 

Scientific  instruments 211 

Scientific  periodicals 126 

Scientific  societies 126 

Scotland,  History 32 

Travels 100 

Sculpture 254-56 

Sea  products 240 

Secession 290 

Secret  societies    ......  326,  327 

Semitic  languages  and  literature     .  453 

Sermons 386 

Sewerage 191 

Shakers 415 

Shipbuilding 210 

Shorthand 213 


Index  to  Classes 


c,lV 

Trials      
Trigonometry  
Turkey,  History  .... 

.    •   .   303 
...   170 

...       42 

Slavery  
Sleep  

.    290 
.    360 

Soils      
Somnambulism    

'    2E 
.     360 

Typewriting     
U 

...     213 

South  America,  History    .     .     . 

.       68 

Southern  States,  History  .     .     . 
Travels    

•      63 
•      93 

United  States,  History  .    . 

-     •      49-54 

Travels    .         .         ... 

United  States  government 
Universalists    

.     .    289-99 
...     4°o 

Spanish  literature     .... 

447,  448 
.     362 

.       220 

.      280 

342-44 

,     .     .     340 

Useful  arts  

V 

Ventilation  

...     179 

...     208 

Statesmen,  Works  of    .... 

Steam  engine  

.     185 
.     186 

Steel  

.     196 
.     206 

Veterinary  science    .    .    . 

...     224 

.     187 

w 

Wages    

...     308 

Sunday-school  books    .    .     . 

.     •     % 

Sweden,  History  

•     •       44 
.     106 

Wales,  History    .... 
Travels    

...       32 
.     .     100 
•jnR 

Swedish  language  and  literature 

449,  45° 

...  184 

Swedenborgianism    .... 

.     .     401 
•     •       39 

Water  supply  

...   192 

Travels    
T 

.     .     286 

West  Indies,  History    .     . 

...    67 

.     .     •       97 

Western  States,  History   . 

.     .      64,65 

•     •     •     358 

.     362 

Taxation      

.     .     285 

...     316 

Teaching     
Technical  education      .     .    . 

.     .     332 
337 

Education  of     .    .    . 

...     335 

.      .       .      201 

•     4°3 

Telegraph   

154,  350 

Writing  

...     213 

Telepathy    
Telephone  

.     .     361 
154,  35° 
.     .     366 

Y 

Young    Men's  Christian 

Associa- 
...     4" 

.     .     293 

Textile  manufacturers  .     .     . 
Theology,  Christian      .     .     . 

.       .       20 
.      382-85 

History,  etc  

.     •     37° 

z 

.     .     39 

Trade  unions  3°9 

FOURTEEN  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LIBRARY  SC 


k  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


NOV  4 

rre  l  *  1964 

r  t-D  *  *•' 

MAY  1  6  1984 

JUL141964 

az 


